May 12, 2007:
The U.S. Army has, for the last
decade, been making more of an effort to send entire units overseas, instead of
individual replacements. This is the "cohort system" and the army is extending
its use from combat, to combat support units. It's not been an easy transition.
From the end of World War II, until the late 1990s,
the "individual replacement" system was used. Combat losses were
replaced on an individual basis. Same thing in peacetime. When a soldier
leaves, usually at the end of his enlistment or tour of duty, a single
replacement is brought in. This means that units lose over five percent of
their troops each month. Where this hurts is at the lowest level. An infantry
fire team, of four or five troops, is only as effective as it is coordinated.
Take one guy out and replace him with a new soldier, and it takes weeks, or
months, for that team to get it's combat edge back. Same with a tank or
artillery crew. Or even a team of clerks or mechanics.
The alternative is to form units, keep them
together through training, then send them overseas, or hold them ready for an
emergency, for about a year. While some troops are lost to normal attrition
(illness, disciplinary problems, or combat casualties), the unit is largely
intact. This approach has worked wonders on the battlefield. Troops know the
people they are working with, and and appreciate waiting until they are back
home to incorporate new people. The battlefield is not the place to do that.
Now the army is using the cohort system for combat
support units in non-combat assignments. Patriot anti-aircraft missile
battalions will now be rotated to South Korea as complete battalions. Formerly,
individual batteries had been sent over, and these functioned more effectively
than batteries that used individual replacements. It follows that the entire
battalion will be more effective if all the troops are sent over at once. All
the weapons and equipment for the battalion stay in South Korea, with just the
troops moving.