| 0 | | Feast of St. Thomas Aquinas, Doctor of the Church, Patron of academics, scholars, publishers, and more, and that of St. Julian of Cuenca, Bishop, Patron of Cuenca |
| 0 | | Army Day in Armenia |
| 198 | | the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus celebrated a Triumph for his victories over the Parthians - Learn More |
| 1077 | | The Humiliation of Canosa: Pope Gregory VII humbles Holy Roman Emperor Heinrich IV |
| 1099 | | First Crusaders lay siege to Hosn-el-Akrad, Syria |
| 1393 | | "Le Bal des Ardents": disastrous ballroom fire kills 4 & costs King Charles VI of France what's left of his mind |
| 1495 | | Pope Alexander VI gives his son Cesare Borgia as hostage to Charles VIII of France |
| 1547 | | Accession of Edward VI (age 9) as King of England (1547-1553) |
| 1701 | | Battle of Dartsedo: The Chinese capture the border fortress from the Tibetans |
| 1817 | | Venezuelan patriot forces under José Antonio Páez defeated the Spanish at Mucuritas -- Learn More |
| 1830 | | The premiere of Auber's opera "Fra Diavolo" in Paris |
| 1846 | | Battle of Allwal: British defeat the Sikhs |
| 1860 | | Britain formally returns the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua |
| 1865 | | CSA Pres Jefferson Davis names three peace commissioners |
| 1871 | | Paris, besieged since July 19th, surrenders to the Prussians |
| 1871 | | Paris surrendered to the Prussians and Germans after a four month siege -- Learn More |
| 1915 | | SS 'William P Frye', torpedoed while carrying wheat to Britain - 1st US ship lost in WW I |
| 1916 | | German colony of Cameroon surrenders to Britain & France |
| 1918 | | Strike at Berlin munitions factories |
| 1920 | | The Spanish Foreign Legion was formed -- "The Bridegrooms of Death" -- https://youtu.be/lHOMa0YZTs4?t=19 |
| 1932 | | Japanese capture Shanghai |
| 1941 | | Japan sponsors an armistice ending the Franco-Thai War (1940-1941) |
| 1942 | | Bataan: Japanese attack the new US/Philippine defenses |
| 1942 | | USN Ens. Donald Mason radios, "Sighted sub, sank same." |
| 1942 | | German troops capture Benghazi, Libya |
| 1942 | | Malaya: British forces begin to withdraw towards Singapore |
| 1943 | | Guadalcanal: the CAM Div advances across the Nueha River. |
| 1943 | | New Guinea: Japanese attack Australian Kanga Force at Wau |
| 1944 | | RAF puts 683 bombers over Berlin |
| 1981 | | William J Casey begins six years as director of the CIA |
| 1982 | | Italian police rescue Brig Gen James L. Dozier from 42 days imprisonment by Red Brigades |
| 1986 | | Space Shuttle Challenger explodes shortly after launch, seven die. |
| 1991 | | Dictator Siad Barre flees Somalia, replacing 22 years of misrule with decades of chaos |
| 1225 | | St. Thomas Aquinas, son of Count Landulf of Aquino, Doctor of the Church, d. 1274 |
| 1312 | | Queen Regnant Joan II of Navarre (1328-1349), wife to King Louis X of France |
| 1457 | | Henry VII, first Tudor king of England (1485-1509) |
| 1600 | | Giulio Rospigliosi - Pope Clement IX (1667-69) |
| 1693 | | Tsarina Anna Ivanovna of Russia (1730-40) (OS, 2/7 NS) |
| 1717 | | Ottoman Sultan and Caliph of Islam Mustafa III (1757–1774) |
| 1768 | | King Frederick VI of Denmark (1808-39), Napoleon's ally |
| 1815 | | Andrew Jackson Hamilton, Brig Gen, U.S., d. 1875 |
| 1828 | | Thomas Carmichael Hindman, Maj Gen, C.S.A., d. 1868 |
| 1831 | | Henry Brevard Davidson, Brig Gen, C.S.A., d. 1899 |
| 1832 | | Augustin Daniel Belliard, le comte Belliard et de l'Empire, 62, French general |
| 1833 | | Charles George 'Chinese' Gordon, kia, Khartoum, 1885. |
| 1841 | | Henry M. Stanley, CS & US veteran, journalist, explorer, exploiter, d. 1904 |
| 1852 | | Giovanni Martino, near Salerno, later John Martin, trumpeter in the 7th Cavalry, d. 1922 -- Learn More |
| 1853 | | Jose Marti y Perez, Cuban poet, nationalist, kia 1895 |
| 1874 | | Louis M. Nuttman, later Brig. Gen., U.S., was born, who became the longest-lived West Point graduate upon his death in 1978, aged 104 years, nine months, and five days |
| 1909 | | Lionel Crabb, British diver, disappeared 1957 |
| 1915 | | US Coast Guard, created from the Life Saving and Revenue Cutter Services |
| 1936 | | Alphonso D'Abruzzo - Alan Alda, actor ("M*A*S*H") |
| 1948 | | Mamoru Mohri, Japanese astronaut |
| 1950 | | David Carl Hilmer, Marine, astronaut |
| 592 | | Saint Guntram, c. 60, King of the Burgundians (561-592) |
| 814 | | Charlemagne, King of the Franks (768-814), Emperor of the Romans (800-814), at c. 66, -- Learn More |
| 876 | | Louis II the Bavarian, King of Eastern Francia (843-876), c. 70 |
| 1061 | | Duke Spytihnev II of Bohemia (1055-1061), c. 30 |
| 1256 | | Wilhelm II Count of Holland (1238-1256), King of Germany (1247-56), at 28 |
| 1330 | | Ramberto dei Malatesti, Lord of Ciola, Castiglione, & Roncofreddo, murdered by his cousin Malatestino |
| 1393 | | Huguet de Guisay and le Count de Joigny, burned to death in the "Bal des Ardents" |
| 1547 | | King Henry VIII of England (1509-47), at 55 |
| 1621 | | Pope Paul V - Camillo Borghese (1605-21), at 68 |
| 1725 | | Tsar Peter I "the Great" of Russia (1682-1725), 52 -- Learn More |
| 1810 | | Andreas Hofer, 42, Tyrolian resistance fighter, shot by Napoleon |
| 1829 | | William Burke, c. 37, serial killer, in the interests of medical research and profit, hanged |
| 1895 | | Marshal Francois Canrobert, who commanded the French in the Crimea, 85 |
| 1918 | | Cpl. Roberto Sarfatti, 17, son of Margherita Sarfatti, mistress to Mussolini, kia on the Asiago Front, earning the Medaglia d'oro for bravery. |
| 1945 | | Senior Sergeant Roza Shanina, 20, Red Army 184th Rifle Division "girl" sniper with 54 kills, kia. |
| 1965 | | Maxim Weygand, 98, French general who couldn't cope in 1940 -- Learn More |
| 1986 | | Gregory Jarvis, NASA engineer(41), Christa McAuliffe (37, elementary school teacher); Dr. Ronald E McNair, NASA physicist (35); Ellison S Onizuka, USAF(39); Judith Arlene Resnik, NASA engineer (35); Francis R Scobee (46), USAF; Michael J Smith, USN (40) - the Challenger |
| 1996 | | U San Yu, soldier, Dictator-President of Burma (1981-88), at 77 |