December 21, 2022: A commercial airship firm, LTA Research, is building two new airships. Pathfinder 1 is under construction and when completed will be flight tested. This airship is 120 meters long, can lift 28 tons, including up to 14 personnel and cargo. Cruising speed is 110 kilometers an hour and unrefueled range is over 4,500 kilometers. The larger 180-meter-long Pathfinder 3 is also under construction and the completion date has not been set. Because of the low speed and small cargo carrying capacity, the intended mission; delivering aid to natural disaster victims in remote locations, is limited.

A commercial passenger airship Airlander 10, has orders for ten airships from Air Nostrum, a Spanish regional airline that is part of the Iberia (the national airline) system. Airlander 10 passenger transports are built by British blimp manufacturer and developer HAV (Hybrid Air Vehicles). Air Nostrum is using a typical long-term lease to pay for the Airlander 10s. This cost is estimated to be about $60 million per aircraft. The sale comes after two decades of serious attempts to develop and find paying customers for this new air transport tech. Airlander 10 is large, about 100 meters (320 feet) long and twice as wide as the usual blimp design. This provides more lift and stability in flight. Payload is only about ten tons and for passenger service there are a hundred very comfortable seats in a large 195 square meter (2,100 square feet) passenger cabin that features widely spaced seats and large windows on both sides of the cabin. Airlander 10 can fly as high as 6,100 meters (20,000 feet) but top speed is only 144 kilometers an hour and max range is 7,200 kilometers. For passenger service Airlander 10 will stick to short routes of no more than 400 kilometers. That’s under three hours of very comfortable (compared current airliners) travel. That makes Airlander 10 ideal for a regional airline, especially one that takes so many passengers to tourist locations.

Airlander 10 has another advantage; it can take off and land from any flat surface large enough to accommodate it. The airship has landing gear consisting of adjustable pistons that allow landing on any solid ground. Tie down cables keep the blimp stable in windy conditions on the ground so passengers can board or depart and supplies are replenished. This means Airlander can operate between a larger number of locations. Airlander 10 is in the process of European air transport certification, which is the strictest in the world and makes it easier to be certified as flight worthy in other parts of the world. On the downside, the low number of passengers carried means higher prices. Surveys indicate a large number of passengers would be willing to pay, especially if Airlander could take you to or from locations airliners can’t handle. Helicopters are currently used for some of these routes and Airlander is competitive in terms of passenger costs and superior in terms of flight comfort. Airlander 10 is expected to be certified and enter service by 2028. If HAV can make that goal, blimps will have finally found a profitable commercial role.

The Airlander 10 prototype first flew in 2o16. It is 92 meters long and wider than the Pathfinder airships. Airlander 10 can carry up to 10 tons and stay in the air for five days at a time with a crew or over two weeks if operated remotely. Airlander 10 uses diesel engines powering propellers with an aerodynamic design to gain altitude, and then uses its natural buoyancy to remain aloft and move at up to 140 kilometers an hour.

Previous efforts to achieve this level of performance came close, but failed for a variety of reasons. Back in 2010, the U.S. Army ordered three LEMV (Long-Endurance Multi-intelligence Vehicle) UAVs from Northrop Grumman, for $173 million each. By 2013 thus this project was canceled and the one LEMV built was sold back to the main developer (a British firm) for $301,000. The army spent nearly $300 million on the project and sold the LEMV back to the manufacturer to make it possible to keep work on the concept going. The hope is that current problems with LEMV will be fixed at developer expense and enable the army to buy a version that works.

The original 2010 project called for LEMVs to be designed, developed, tested, and delivered by 2013. All the development was to be accomplished within 18 months. Northrop Grumman thought that by using an old aircraft research project it could get all the design, manufacturing and testing done in time. The army wanted LEMV to provide radar and photo coverage of large areas in Afghanistan, for extended periods. LEMV would do it better and cheaper than existing UAVs. LEMV would use existing UAV sensors and communications and would basically act like a Predator or Global Hawk but with more cameras.

LEMV was based on the existing (and tested) Hybrid Air Vehicle (HAV), which was an aerodynamic blimp built to transport cargo. HAV looks like a flattened blimp, a wide airship with much better handling qualities. Using some of the HAV technology, the LEMV was to be an unmanned blimp that could carry 1.1 tons of sensors, stay aloft for 21 days at a time, supply 16 kilowatts of power for sensors, and move at up to 148 kilometers an hour at 6,100 meters (20,000 feet) altitude. This was high enough to avoid most ground fire and, to add further protection, the outer skin of the LEMV was made with Kevlar cloth, the same material used in bullet proof vests.

What killed LEMV for the army was the inability of the developer to control the weight of the aircraft. When LEMV took to the air for the first time in 2012 it was 10 tons too heavy, which reduced mission time from 21 days to 6 days. There were some other design problems, but the key one, that is still not solved, was the excessive weight. Northrop Grumman believed that advances in materials and automated flight controls made these aerodynamic blimp UAVs practical. Until Airlander 10, no one was able to create a commercially viable example of the concept for carrying cargo. The problem is always weight and lifting capacity or, in the case of LEMV, the ability to carry enough fuel to keep the blimp aloft as long as required.

The idea of a cargo carrying blimp has been around for over four decades, and the concept is simple. An aerodynamic blimp is a helium filled aircraft, with a rigid but lightweight shell that is aerodynamic (like an airplane wing). This aerodynamic blimp takes off and flies like an aircraft, gaining additional lifting power in the process and able to carry heavy and bulky cargoes using low power (and low fuel consumption) engines. All past efforts to make aerodynamic blimps practical have failed because these aircraft are still lighter than air vehicles and difficult to handle on the ground or whenever it's windy. They are also large and bulky compared to conventional transports. But the LEMV avoided most of the handling problems because the aircraft would only land once every three weeks. The LEMV would be able to lift up to 5 tons, with most of that being fuel for the 21-day mission. The original weight and design calculations proved inaccurate and that killed the project.

LEMV is an example of an evolutionary technology. Engineers (and some tech savvy historians) understand how some of these crazy ideas eventually do become economically practical. The problem is figuring out when the needed technologies will all mature and make it possible to build workable, and commercially self-sustaining, products. Get involved too early and you spend a lot of money, with little return. Get in too late and you just end up another competitor in a crowded market. Northrop Grumman thought they had found the sweet spot (the time when the first commercially viable products can be built and the highest profit margins are available) and that they could turn HAV into LEMV. No one on the army side checked the numbers to determine what the real risk was and so the army ate a $300 million miscalculation. Selling the prototype back to the developer simply recognized that timing is everything and that eventually the right time for LEMV would arrive. And that may be in 2028, when a certified air worthy Airlander 10, designed and built by a firm that used and upgraded all the LEMV tech, begins passenger (and some cargo) service.