The Perfect Soldier: Special Operations, Commandos, and the Future of Us Warfare by James F. Dunnigan
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The Chinese Mirage
by James Dunnigan
September 22, 2010
While China has two of its new 094 class SSBNs (ballistic missile carrying nuclear subs) in service, they are still undergoing tests, and not doing any patrols. These boats have been in development for a decade now. The first one was launched six years ago, and was thought to be ready for service three years ago. The 094 is similar to the 093 class SSN (nuclear attack sub), which looks a lot like the three decade old Russian Victor III class SSN design. Taking a SSN design and adding extra compartments to hold the ballistic missiles is an old trick, pioneered by the United States in the 1950s to produce the first SSBNs. The Chinese appear to have done the same thing with their new SSN, creating a larger SSBN boat of 9,000 tons displacement. These SSBNs are armed with twelve JL-2 ballistic missiles and six torpedo tubes. Priority was apparently given to construction of the 094, as having nuclear missiles able to reach the United States gives China more diplomatic clout than some new SSNs. But mastering all the technologies required for a successful SSBN has proved daunting. The Chinese are not in a rush to put a problem ridden boat in service, and are working out all the problems first.
Their first generation SSBN, the 6,500 ton 092, entered service in the early 1980s, as a stretched version of the 091 class SSNs. The 091s were more dangerous to their crews than to any enemy. Radiation leaks and general unreliability made these boats, which entered service in the 1970s, much feared by Chinese sailors. The 092 SSBNs had only four missile tubes, and rarely went to sea. The Chinese spent a lot of time developing solutions to all these problems, before building the following 093 and 094 classes. China is also having problems with its JL (Julang) 2 SLBM (Sea Launched Ballistic Missile). The 42 ton JL-2 has a range of 8,000 kilometers, and would enable China to aim missiles at any target in the United States from a 094 class SSBN cruising off Hawaii or Alaska. The JL-2 is a navalized version of the existing land based 42 ton DF-31 ICBM. The JL-2 was supposed to have entered service two years ago, but it is still failing test launches. There are three more 094s under construction, but they are not much good unless their JL-2 missiles are ready for deployment. Things often go wrong while developing SLBMs, as the Russians learned with their latest SSBN design (the Borei). The Russian SLBM originally designed for the Borei did not work, and a new one (the Bulava), based on a successful land based ICBM (the Topol M series) was used instead. But this required rebuilding of the missile tubes in the new subs, thus delaying construction. Then they found that the Bulava did not work very well. While the land based version was quite reliable, the modifications necessary to turn it into the Bulava introduced a lot of failures. China is now having similar problems with its JL-2. The final round of tests revealed several problems, and the missile has not been working when launched. Unlike the Topol/Bulava, the land based DF-31 the JL-2 was based on was not particularly reliable. This appears to be one of the causes of the problems with the JL-2. As a result of these problems, and perhaps others with the SSBNs, there were no Chinese SSBN patrols last year. This has been a pattern for several decades now. While the Chinese have SSBNs in service, they rarely send them to sea.
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