The Perfect Soldier: Special Operations, Commandos, and the Future of Us Warfare by James F. Dunnigan
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Harrier Cast Out
by James Dunnigan
January 8, 2011
Little more than a year after withdrawing the last of its Harrier vertical takeoff jets from Afghanistan, Britain has retired all remaining Harriers. This was done eight years ahead of schedule, as an economy move. These GR9 versions of the aircraft, also known as Harrier II, had entered service in the 1980s, but only 143 were built. Losses from accidents and earlier retirements gradually reduced Harrier strength to one squadron (fewer than twenty aircraft). Harrier was a British design.
Harriers, which can also hover, had been in Afghanistan for five years, flying over 8,500 sorties. But the aircraft were getting old, and British AH-64 helicopter gunships and Tornado fighter-bombers have been able to replace them. The AH-64s can hover more effectively than Harriers, and the Tornados can deliver smart bombs. The 2018 retirement date was meant to allow for smooth transition and replacement by the more power F-35B vertical takeoff jets. The Harrier first entered service in 1969. That version was used mainly by the British Royal Navy and the U.S. Marine Corps. It was a 11 ton aircraft (7 tons when taking off vertically) that carried about two tons of weapons. In the 1980s, a more powerful 14 ton version (Harrier II) was developed, which could carry three tons of weapons. On the downside, the Harrier has the highest accident rate of any jet fighter. This is largely because of its vertical flight capabilities, which give it an accident rate similar to that of helicopters. In the last twenty years, India has lost half of its 30 Harrier vertical takeoff fighters to accidents, and the fifteen remaining aircraft often cannot fly because of a shortage of spares. The U.S. Marine Corps has lost a third of its 397 Harriers to such accidents in 33 years. Over 800 Harriers of all types have been built. They will be replaced by over 600 F-35Bs by the end of the next decade. This will be done gradually, with some American Harriers remaining in service until all are replaced by F-35Bs. India and the U.S. remains a user of Harriers. The British Royal Navy's two carriers were built to carry sixteen Harrier GR9 aircraft each. Normally they carried eight, but because of the reduction of the Harrier force (two dozen older Sea Harriers were retired in 2006), and merging Royal Air Force and Royal Navy Harriers into a joint task force, plus the demand for Harriers in Afghanistan, and aircraft sidelined for maintenance and upgrades, there developed a shortage. Now these carriers are also being retired, eliminating the need for carrier based Harriers. The Royal Navy is building two new 65,000 ton carriers, to replace the three current 21,000 ton carriers (one of them inactive and in reserve). The new carriers will carry 24 F-35Bs each. But these aircraft, and the new carriers, won't be in service for another 6-8 years. At this point, the F-35Bs and the new carriers are expected to show up at the same time; the end of the decade. The F-35B, which will replace the Harrier, is a 27 ton aircraft that can carry six tons of weapons and is stealthy. In vertical takeoff mode, the F-35B will carry about twice the weapons as the Harrier, and have about twice the range (800 kilometers). But that is then, the Harrier is now, and some American or Indian ones probably will still be in service by the time the 50 year mark (2019) rolls around.
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